Memahami Ketentuan Hukum (al-Aḥkām) dalam Al-Qur'an: Kajian Norma Taklīfī dan Waḍʿī dalam Fiqih

Abstract

This article investigates the concept and classification of al-aḥkām (legal provisions) in the Qur'an, with a focus on its function as a foundational source of Islamic law. The study aims to deepen understanding of how Qur'anic legal norms, both taklīfī (prescriptive) and waḍʿī (declarative), are articulated, interpreted, and applied within the Islamic legal tradition. Employing a qualitative library-based approach, this research bridges the disciplines of Qur'anic exegesis and uṣūl al-fiqh to elucidate how legal injunctions in the Qur'an regulate both human actions and the preconditions or consequences of those actions. The paper outlines the five types of taklīfī rulings, obligation (wujūb), recommendation (nadb), prohibition (taḥrīm), disapproval (karāhah), and permissibility (ibāḥah), as well as the categories of waḍʿī rulings such as cause (sabab), condition (sharṭ), and impediment (māniʿ). In addition, the study surveys various Qur'anic verses that exemplify both explicit (qaṭʿī) and speculative (ẓannī) legal meanings, thereby illustrating the epistemological spectrum of legal hermeneutics. It also reflects on how different rulings were historically interpreted by jurists when reconciling apparent ambiguities in the Qur'anic text. By highlighting the integral role of al-aḥkām in shaping legal methodology and practice, this article underscores the Qur’an’s normative authority in Islamic jurisprudence. Ultimately, the study advocates for a methodical and interdisciplinary approach to understanding Qur'anic law that incorporates linguistic nuance, jurisprudential theory, and contextual interpretation.